CPU 是如何工作的?

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CPU 是如何工作的?

CPU 通過執行從內存讀取的指令來工作 - 這些指令告訴 CPU 需要對存儲在內存或寄存器中的特定數據項執行哪些操作。當從存儲器中取出一條指令時,它會通過控制單元發送,在控制單元中對其進行解碼,並確定任何必要的地址/數據項;然後,該信息被傳遞到 ALU,其中根據指令中指定的內容實際執行操作。操作完成後,如果需要,任何結果值都會存儲回內存,然後再獲取另一條指令並重複此過程,直到執行完程序的所有指令。

什麼是CPU?

中央處理單元(CPU)是計算機系統的大腦 - 它本質上告訴計算機要做什麼以及如何做。CPU 由電路組成,電路由三個主要部件組成:控制單元、算術/邏輯單元 (ALU) 和寄存器組。控制單元從內存中取出指令,對其進行解碼,確定內存中存儲的數據的地址(如果需要),然後將數據和指令信息傳遞給 ALU 進行處理。ALU 執行每條指令所需的計算或邏輯,如果需要,將中間結果存儲在寄存器中,然後將結果發送回內存,以便其他程序訪問或寫入磁盤。寄存器用於在 CPU 處理時保存短期數據。

什麼是核心?

核心是多核處理器內執行單元的一個實例。每個核心都有自己的私有緩存,這使得它可以獨立執行任務,而不必經常訪問主內存;然而,多個核心可以共享資源,例如二級緩存。多核在執行指令時允許更大的並行性,這意味著可以同時執行更多指令,因此與單核處理器相比可以在更短的時間內完成更多工作。這使得多核處理器非常適合視頻編輯或 3D 渲染等密集計算任務。

什麼是線程?

線程是可以在單個處理器核心上的單個進程或應用程序中並發執行的執行序列。線程允許應用程序/程序看起來運行得比實際速度更快,因為它們能夠同時利用多個內核 - 多個線程同時在不同的內核上運行,可以完成更多工作,而無需等待任何一個線程在另一個線程可以在另一個核心上再次開始執行之前完成執行。

什麼是超線程?

超線程(HT) 是英特爾的專有技術,可在每個物理處理器內核中啟用多個邏輯處理器- 本質上允許每個物理內核同時存在兩個指令流(這顯示為四個“虛擬”處理器,而不是兩個)。將HT 引入CPU 使英特爾CPU 具有更好的多任務性能,因為它們提高了每個時鐘週期的處理能力- 這使得它們能夠比前幾代處理器更快地處理大型工作負載,而前幾代處理器僅受時鐘速度的限制(僅增加了有限的範圍)。此外,在某些情況下,與未關閉HT 的情況相比,HT 還有助於提高某些情況下的吞吐量以及IPC 收益,這要歸功於在處理較大線程數時更好的調度效率。

什麼是 RISC 與 CISC 架構?

RISC 代表精簡指令集計算機 - 這通常指的是使用比 CISC 架構(複雜指令集計算機)少得多的複雜指令類型的架構。CISC 架構通常由高度多樣化的指令集組成,從簡單的算術運算到涉及字符串操作等多個步驟的複雜指令集,而RISC 傾向於更簡單但更快的指令(由於復雜性降低,每個芯片佔用的面積更少),因此它們傾向於考慮到兩種架構的時鐘速度相似,從而實現更高的性能特徵。

什麼是管道?

CPU 中的管道特指將指令執行中涉及的各個階段拆分為離散部分的架構,以便早期階段的結果可以更快地在後期階段可用,從而允許進一步優化,例如亂序調度和執行- 這使得某些部分運行得更快或者更慢,具體取決於他們的個人需求,而不是讓每個階段相互等待,從而比非流水線設計顯著提高性能,從而使現代高速和多線程處理器成為可能。

什麼是緩存?

高速緩存是相對快速的RAM 的小塊,直接位於中央處理單元內部或附近,具有兩個功能:首先,由於高速緩存以較低的延遲運行,因此減輕了主內存讀寫的壓力,其次加快了速度。

什麼是緩存線?

高速緩存行是可以從主存傳輸到 CPU 高速緩存的最小數據塊。在具有 4 字節指令的處理器上,高速緩存行通常由 64 字節組成,對於 8 字節指令則由 128 字節組成。每當CPU從內存請求數據時,它會獲取整行數據,而不僅僅是一條數據或指令;如果將來的操作需要的話,這可以確保任何相關的數據片段也位於 CPU 的緩存中,從而有助於減少延遲。

什麼是多處理?

多處理是一個總稱術語,用於描述作為單個計算機系統的一部分或分佈在多個系統/設備上一起工作的多個 CPU。在大多數現代計算機/服務器/網絡中,多處理可以採取多種形式,包括對稱多處理 (SMP),其中兩個或多個 CPU 共享對 RAM 和其他資源的訪問;非對稱多處理 (AMP),其中一個或多個處理器充當主處理器並將任務委託給從屬處理器;大規模並行處理(MPP),其中多個處理器協作對大量數據快速執行複雜的計算任務。

什麼是超標量架構?

超標量架構是指能夠同時執行多條指令的高性能 CPU,這使得它們能夠通過同時執行多條指令(而不是像前幾代那樣按順序執行)來提高性能,從而減少必要時利用空閒執行單元來延遲和增加吞吐量。通過這樣做,超標量架構可以更有效地利用可用處理器資源,從而實現更快的處理速度,甚至與更高主頻的前代架構相比也是如此。

什麼是微處理器?

微處理器本質上是全尺寸處理器的芯片縮小版,專為嵌入式系統、PDA、手機等小型設備而設計,其中功耗和物理尺寸是兩個主要因素。微處理器通常使用比大型微處理器更簡單的架構,以降低成本和復雜性,同時仍然為預期目的提供可比的性能。

虛擬化是如何工作的?

虛擬化技術允許計算機系統的硬件資源(例如CPU核心、內存等)被劃分為不同的“虛擬”機,每個虛擬機獨立於其他虛擬機運行自己的操作系統——這使得在一個虛擬機中運行多個用戶/應用程序成為可能。組織或家庭可以在不互相影響的情況下使用一台物理機器的資源,因為每個虛擬機與同一台機器上運行的所有其他虛擬機完全獨立運行,並相應地擁有自己專用的可用硬件資源子集。這使得虛擬化在節省空間和電力方面非常有用,同時由於減少了機器/設備之間的重複,還可以更有效地利用現有硬件。

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